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What are NPT Threaded Fittings?

NPT Threaded Fittings are pipe fittings manufactured in accordance with the NPT tapered pipe thread standard established by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). The NPT thread is a U.S. standard tapered thread, distinguished by its taper angle, typically 3/4 inch per foot. It is this taper that allows male and female threads to fit tightly together when screwed together, forming a mechanical seal. Threaded fittings include various types such as elbows, tees, pipe clamps, pipe caps, and plugs, used for connecting, redirecting, branching, or sealing off pipeline systems.

Threaded Fittings are commonly used in water gas pipes, small-diameter water pipes, compressed air pipes, and low-pressure steam pipes. They are connected to threaded pipe ends to form a pipeline. A suitable adhesive can be applied to the threads to ensure sealing. This design not only provides excellent connection strength but also reduces the risk of fluid leakage, making it an ideal choice for low- to medium-pressure pipeline systems.

Material & Grades of Forged Threaded Fittings 

Carbon Steel :
ASTM A105 / A105N,ASTM A350 LF2 / LF3, A694 F42 / 46 / 52 / 56 / 65 / 70

Alloy Steel :
ASTM / ASME A/SA 182 & A 387 F1, F5, F9, F11, F12, F22, F91

Stainless Steel :
ASTM A 182, A 240 F 304, 304L, 304H, 316, 316L, 316Ti, 310, 310S, 321, 321H, 317, 347, 347H, 904L

Duplex & Super Duplex Steel :
ASTM / ASME A/SA 182 F 44, F 45, F51, F 53, F 55, F 60, F 61

Copper Alloy Steel :

 ASTM SB 61 , SB62 , SB151 , SB152 UNS No. C 70600 (Cu-Ni 90/10), C 71500 (Cu-Ni 70/30), UNS No. C 10100, 10200, 10300, 10800, 12000, 12200

Nickel Alloy :
ASTM SB564, SB160, SB472, SB162 Nickel 200 (UNS No. N02200), Nickel 201 (UNS No. N02201), Monel 400 (UNS No. N04400), Monel 500 (UNS No. N05500), Inconel 800 (UNS No. N08800), Inconel 825 (UNS No. N08825), Inconel 600 (UNS No. N06600), Inconel 625 (UNS No. N06625), Inconel 601 (UNS No. N06601), Hastelloy C 276 (UNS No.N10276), Alloy 20 (UNS No. N08020)

ASME B16.11 Threaded Fittings Types

Threaded fittings include elbows, tees, crosses, couplings, caps, unions, plugs, bushings, hexagonal nipples, etc.

	Threaded Elbow A threaded elbow is a pipe fitting used to change the direction of a pipe, with threads on one or both ends. It usually consists of an elbow body and a threaded part. The bending part of the elbow body is generally 90° or 45°.
	Threaded Tee Threaded Tee is usually used in some low-pressure small-diameter pipeline systems. It can divide the pipeline into three branches and form a 90-degree angle between the three branches.
	Threaded Cross Threaded Cross is a pipe connector with four openings, usually used to divide the pipe system into four different directions to achieve the diversion of the medium.
	Threaded Coupling The threaded coupling is a simple but important pipe connection fitting. Its main structure is a hollow cylinder with threads inside. The threads at both ends of the couplings are usually of the same specification so that it can be connected to threaded pipes of the same diameter.
	Threaded Cap A threaded cap is a pipe fitting used to close the end of a pipe. It is mainly composed of a cap body and a threaded part. The cap body is a hemispherical or flat-top structure with a hollow interior to fit the outer diameter of the pipe.
	Threaded Bushing Thread bushing is a technique used to repair damaged or worn threads by installing thread inserts made of special metals or alloys into the original thread holes to restore the dimensions and load-bearing capacity of the threads. This method not only extends the service life of parts, but also improves the strength and wear resistance of connections.
	Threaded Nipple A threaded nipple is a short pipe fitting with internal and external threads at both ends, used to connect two sections of threaded pipes to extend or transition the pipeline. It enables quick and reliable pipeline connections while facilitating maintenance and replacement.

Advantages of NPT Threaded Fittings

1. The primary reasons for choosing NPT threaded fittings over other connection methods are their significant advantages:
2. Easy Installation: No specialized welding equipment or technical expertise is required; installation and removal can be easily accomplished using a wrench. This significantly reduces construction costs and time.
3. Reusability: As a mechanical connection, NPT threaded fittings can be repeatedly disassembled and reassembled without damage, facilitating maintenance and adjustments to the piping system.
4. Excellent Sealing Performance: The tapered thread design creates compression when tightened, forming a reliable leak-proof seal. When installed with PTFE tape or thread sealant, the sealing effect can be further enhanced.
5. Cost-Effective: Compared to welded fittings, NPT threaded fittings typically have lower installation costs, especially for small-scale pipeline systems that require frequent adjustments or maintenance.

Advantages of NPT Thread

The tapered design provides strong sealing performance, making it suitable for high-pressure applications.

The NPT thread design is specifically engineered to achieve sealing through thread contact, eliminating the need for additional O-rings or gaskets.

It prevents sealant contamination of the medium, making it suitable for sensitive applications such as fuel and lubricants.

Strict dimensional parameters ensure good interchangeability between products from different manufacturers, making them widely compatible in North America and regions adhering to related standards.

Threaded Sealing Method

Teflon tape

A thin, white tape that fills the microscopic gaps between threads when tightened, preventing leaks. When using, it should be wound clockwise around the male thread, ensuring the winding direction aligns with the insertion direction.

– First, wrap the Teflon tape around the external threads in a clockwise motion.

– Overlap the tape halfway between each wrap to ensure a tight seal and complete coverage of the thread surface.

– Apply enough layers of Teflon tape to ensure a good seal on the threads without excessive residue that could prevent proper tightening.

Thread sealant

A liquid or paste-like sealant that cures after application to the threads, forming a stronger, more pressure-resistant seal. Suitable for high-pressure applications.

– Use a brush or applicator to evenly apply a thin layer of pipe sealant to the external threads.

– Ensure that the sealant is evenly applied to the entire thread surface, without clumps or excess residue.

– Use a pipe sealant that is suitable for the application and the type of fluid being conveyed through the fitting.

Difference Between BSP & NPT Threads

BSP and NPT are two different thread standards, with their primary differences lying in geographical region, thread angle, and sealing method. NPT (American Standard Tapered Pipe Thread) is primarily used in the United States and Canada, featuring a thread angle of 60 degrees. Sealing is achieved through the compression created by tightening the tapered thread, typically requiring the use of PTFE tape or sealant. BSP (British Standard Pipe Thread) is primarily used in Europe, Asia, and Commonwealth countries. It has a thread angle of 55 degrees and is divided into two types: tapered (BSPT) and parallel (BSPP). BSPT achieves sealing through the thread itself, while BSPP requires gaskets or O-rings for sealing at the end face. Due to differences in design and dimensions, these two thread types are incompatible.

How to Choose the Right NPT Threaded Fittings?

Material: Select the appropriate material based on the nature of the fluid, temperature, and pressure. For example, stainless steel (304/316) is suitable for corrosive media, while carbon steel or copper is suitable for general fluids.

Size: Ensure that the size of the fittings (e.g., 1/2 inch, 3/4 inch) matches your piping system perfectly.

Pressure Rating: Select the appropriate pressure rating (e.g. Class 3000) based on the system’s operating pressure to ensure the threaded fittings can withstand the pipeline’s working pressure and prevent leaks or damage.

Pipeline Layout: Use couplings for straight connections, elbows for direction changes, and tees for branching or merging.

Application of NPT Threaded Fittings

Oil and gas pipelines

Chemical equipment pipelines

Water treatment systems

Firefighting pipelines

Pharmaceutical industry

Food processing equipment

Air conditioning and refrigeration systems

Shipbuilding and marine engineering

Hydraulic and pneumatic systems

Building pipeline installation

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ASTM A105 carbon steel, as the most common material for forged pipe fittings, has long been one of our company’s most familiar and common products.

ZIZI can offer a full range of A105 threaded fittings, covering pressure ratings such as Class 2000, 3000, and 6000. All products are manufactured in accordance with ASME B16.11 standards and undergo rigorous dimensional and pressure testing to ensure reliable application in industries such as oil, gas, chemicals, and power.

Our customers have long relied on us for our advantages in timely delivery, consistent quality, and customization capabilities. This inquiry once again demonstrates their trust in our brand.

Inspection of ASTM A105 Threaded Fittings

Visual and Dimensional Inspection

Inspect threaded elbows, tees, pipe clamps, pipe caps, etc., for cracks, pores, burrs, or deformation.

Thread precision is inspected using a thread gauge to ensure a tight and reliable connection with the corresponding pipe or fitting.

Dimensions are verified against ASME B16.11 standards, including outer diameter, inner diameter, wall thickness, thread depth, etc.

Material and Chemical Composition Testing

Spectral analysis or chemical analysis is used to confirm that material composition meets ASTM A105 standard requirements.

Particular attention is paid to the content of elements such as carbon, manganese, sulfur, and phosphorus to ensure that the material possesses the specified mechanical properties and pressure resistance.

Mechanical property testing

Tensile, impact, and hardness tests are conducted to ensure that the fittings have sufficient strength and toughness under pressure and low-temperature conditions.

Inspection Photos

Threaded Fitting Specification

Threaded Length:

The length of the threaded portion must comply with NPT standards for a tight, secure fit.

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS):

The NPS is used to designate the size of the forged threaded fittings. For example, a 1/2” fitting has a 1/2” NPS.

Wall Thickness:

The threaded elbows and threaded tees wall thickness must comply with the class designation (2000, 3000, or 6000) to handle the pressure rating associated with that class.

ASTM A105 Carbon Steel Chemical Composition

ASTM A105 Carbon Steel Mechanical Property

Threaded Elbow & Tee Dimension

Threaded Coupling & Cap Dimension

Common Types of Threaded Fittings

Elbows (90° and 45°) – Used to change pipe direction.

Tees – Allow branching of the pipeline.

Couplings – Connect two pipes together.

Unions – Provide easy disconnection for maintenance.

Bushings – Reduce pipe size.

Nipples – Short sections of threaded pipe.

Caps & Plugs – Seal pipe ends.

Crosses – Four-way connection.

Advantages of ASTM A105 Threaded Fittings

Easy and Quick Installation: No specialized welding equipment or technicians are required; installation can be completed using simple tools, significantly reducing construction time and labor costs.

Removable and Reusable: Threaded connections allow fittings to be easily disassembled when necessary, facilitating maintenance, inspection, or modification of the piping system, thereby enhancing system flexibility.

Reliable Sealing Performance: Through the tight fit of threads and the use of thread sealants or sealing tapes, reliable leak-proof sealing is achieved, making them suitable for medium to low-pressure fluid transportation.

Cost-effective: Compared to welded fittings that require complex welding processes and non-destructive testing, ASTM A105 threaded fittings typically offer a cost advantage.

Common Application Scenarios

Oil and Gas Transportation

Chemical and Petrochemical Industries

Power and Water Conservancy

Construction and Fire Protection

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Different Types of Pipe Couplings 

Socket weld pipe couplings

Pipe couplings that connect pipes using a socket-welded joint are called socket-welded pipe couplings. This connection method involves inserting a steel pipe into a socket hole and welding it in place. This connection method does not require complex threading or welding operations, making installation convenient and ensuring reliable sealing. It features a compact structure, strong pressure resistance, and excellent sealing performance, and is commonly used in high-pressure and high-temperature environments. They are widely applied in fields such as water supply and drainage, and municipal engineering. Depending on the number of sockets, socket weld pipe couplings can be classified into single-socket pipe couplings and fullsocket pipe couplings.

Socket Weld Half Couplings

Socket Weld Half Coupling have a socket on one end, while the other end is typically a flat end or features other connection structures. They are primarily used to connect a pipe with a socket to another pipe with a flat end, or as transition connectors when changing direction or branching within a pipe system.

Socket Weld Full Coupling

Socket weld full coupling have sockets on both ends and are specifically designed to connect two pipes with sockets, enabling the two pipes to be aligned in a straight line. In long-distance pipe laying, double socket pipe couplings play a particularly important role. The connection method of double socket pipe couplings effectively resists axial displacement caused by thermal expansion and contraction of the pipes, ensuring the stability of the pipe system, while also facilitating maintenance and replacement in the future.

Socket Weld Coupling Dimension

Threaded Pipe Couplings

Threaded pipe couplings rely on the interlocking of internal and external threads to connect pipes, offering high connection strength and easy disassembly. They are suitable for pipe systems that require frequent maintenance or disassembly and are commonly used in industrial equipment, household water supply, and other fields. Depending on the number of threads, threaded pipe couplings can be divided into half threaded pipe couplings and full threaded pipe couplings.

Threaded Half Coupling

One end of this coupling has threads, while the other end is typically a socket or welded end. It is commonly used to connect threaded pipes to non-threaded pipes or equipment, offering flexibility in connection methods. The design of the half threaded pipe coupling allows for greater flexibility when connecting different types of pipes or equipment, compensating for differences in connection forms between pipes and equipment interfaces.

Threaded Full Coupling

Both ends of the double threaded pipe coupling have threads machined on the inner walls, used to connect two pipes with external threads, enabling the two pipes to be securely connected in a straight line. This type of pipe coupling is widely used in industrial pipeline systems, especially in high-pressure pipelines transporting gases, liquids, and other media. It is most commonly used to connect two threaded pipes, simply by screwing the pipes into both ends of the coupling. Due to its ease of installation and disassembly, it is highly convenient in pipeline systems requiring frequent maintenance or modifications. Additionally, full threaded pipe couplings can be selected with different thread specifications to accommodate pipeline connections of varying diameters and pressure ratings.

Threaded Pipe Couplings Dimension

Carbon Steel Pipe Coupling

ASTM A105 / A105N

ASTM A350 LF2 / LF3

ASTM A694 F42 / 46 / 52 / 56 / 65 / 70

Carbon steel pipe couplings, which use carbon as the primary alloying element, offer high strength, good ductility, and relatively low cost, making them a commonly used connection component in industrial and residential piping systems. They are suitable for low-pressure pipelines transporting non-corrosive or weakly corrosive media such as water, steam, and air, and are widely applied in building plumbing and heating systems. However, carbon steel has poor corrosion resistance and is prone to rusting in humid or corrosive environments. Therefore, it typically requires corrosion-resistant treatments such as galvanization to extend its service life.

Alloy Steel Pipe Coupling

ASTM / ASME A/SA 182 & A 387 F1, F5, F9, F11, F12, F22, F91

Alloy steel pipe couplings are made by adding alloy elements such as chromium, nickel, and molybdenum to carbon steel. The addition of these elements significantly improves the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the pipe couplings. They can withstand higher pressures and temperatures and are suitable for use in industries such as petroleum, chemical, and power, where they are used in pipeline systems that transport high-temperature, high-pressure media or media containing certain corrosive components.

Stainless Steel Pipe Coupling

ASTM A182, A240 F304, 304L, 304H, 316, 316L, 316Ti, 310, 310S, 321, 321H, 317, 347, 347H, 904L

ASTM  A182 F44, F45, F51, F 53, F 55, F 60, F61

Stainless steel pipe couplings contain a high proportion of chromium and nickel, forming a dense oxide film that provides excellent corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance, enabling long-term use in corrosive environments such as humid or acidic/alkaline conditions. They are widely used in pipeline systems requiring high hygiene standards or exposure to strong corrosive media, such as food processing, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and chemical industries. Additionally, stainless steel pipe couplings have a smooth surface, are easy to clean, and do not require additional corrosion protection, resulting in low maintenance costs. They are an ideal choice for those seeking high-quality and long-lasting pipe connections.

How to choose?

Selecting the appropriate pipe coupling structure is critical based on different pipeline application requirements:

For high-temperature, high-pressure, or corrosive environments, we recommend using socket weld pipe couplings to ensure welding strength and sealing safety.

For medium – to – low – pressure applications, non-permanent connections, or systems requiring easy maintenance, threaded pipe couplings can be used for quick disassembly and replacement.

In special scenarios, such as when only one side of the pipe or equipment needs to be connected, half socket or half threaded pipe couplings can be used, offering a more compact structure and saving space.

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Most of forged threaded fittings are specified in ASME B16.11, including threaded elbow, threaded tee, half and full coupling, threaded cap, hex nipple, bushing and plug. ASME B16.11 is an American standard which popular internationally.

In addition to this, there are other common used standards and fittings such as BS 3799 threaded fittings, MSS-SP-97 threadolet, MSS-SP-83 union and ASME B36.19 nipple.

Threaded Pipe Fittings Catalogue

Threaded Elbow

It is shorten as THD elbow sometimes. Threaded elbow is used to connect pipe and change the directions of flow in 90 degree or 45 degree. The dimension of two end could be equal or reducing.

Threaded Tee

This threaded fittings has three outlets in same or different diameter. Like threaded elbows, branch in same diameter called equal / straight tee otherwise it is reducing tee.

Threaded Cap

The function of threaded caps is block off the flow at the end of pipes. It is also available in socket weld and buttweld end, pipe elbow and pipe tee as well.

Threaded Coupling

It is a short pipe with internal threaded at one end or both end. The former is half coupling and the latter is full coupling. The other end of half coupling will weld to pipes. This threaded pipe fitting also has reducing type.

Threaded Union

This threaded pipe fittings has the function to connect and adapt the diameter of pipes, but different with pipe coupling for allowing disconnection of the pipes for maintenance.

Threaded Nipple

Threaded nipple can be further divided into hex nipple, barrel nipple, close nipple and welding nipple, its function is similar as coupling and union.

Bushing

Bushing and plug are only available in threaded type. This threaded pipe fitting has male and female threads to connect pipes together.

Plug

Plug is a male threaded pipe fittings to stop pipe flow at the end. It has hex head, round head and square head three types.

Threadolet

Threadolet is a integrally reinforced branch outlet fittings which can offer branches from pipe header.

Thread Types of Forged Threaded Pipe Fittings

The threads are also available in different types, the most prevalent types are NPT, BSPP and BSPT.

NPT is the standard threads type for ASME B16.11 threaded pipe fittings, it is a tapered thread with 60°angles. Its connection requires the help of sealant.

BSPP is British standard parallel threads, its sealing requires a seal ring. BSPP threaded pipe fittings are popular in Asia, Europe, Australia and South Africa.

BSPT is also a British threads, but it is tapered with 55°angles. BSPT and BSPT belong to BSP threads, but they cannot use together.

Applications of ASME B16.11 Forged Fittings

Forged threaded pipe fittings can withstand high pressure up to class 6000, however, due to socket weld fittings have better leap-proof than threaded fittings, threaded fittings are more prevalent in lower pressure ratings. They are suitable for pipe system where welding is difficult to operate.

ASME B16.11 Threaded Pipe fittings are widely used in

• Oil and Gas
• Chemical
• Power station
• Shipbuilding
• Aerospace constructions

Advantages and Disadvantages of Threaded Fittings

Advantages

• Simple usage
• Easy installation
• Able to disconnection and convenient maintenance

Disadvantages

• Prone to leak due to rapid temperature changes
• Vibration and hazardous pipe system is not suit for threaded pipe fittings because they prone to be fatigue damaged.

Material Grades for Forged Steel Fittings

Stainless Steel Forged Threaded Fittings

ASTM A182 F304, F316, F310, F321, F309, F317

Carbon steel Forged Threaded Fittings

ASME A105, A350 LF/LF3, A106 A/B/C, API 5L, API 5L GR. B, API 5L X 42, X 46, X 52, X 60, X 65 & X 70.

Alloy Steel Forged Threaded Fittings

ASTM A182 F1, F5, F9, F11, F12, F22, F91

Duplex Stainless Steel Forged Threaded Fittings

ASTM A182 F51, F53, F55 / UNS S31803, S32205, S32550, S32750, S32950

Nickel Alloy Forged Threaded Fittings

UNS2200 (NICKEL 200) , UNS2201 (NICKEL 201 ) , UNS4400 (MONEL 400 ), UNS8825 (INCONEL 825) , UNS6600 (INCONEL 600 ) , UNS6601 (INCONEL 601) , UNS6625 (INCONEL 625) , UNS10276 (HASTELLOY C 276)

Copper Alloy Forged Threaded Fittings

UNS NO. C 70600 ( CU -NI- 45/10) , C 71500 ( CU -NI- 70/30), C 10100 , C 10200 , C 10300 , C 10800 , C 12000, C 12200

ASME B16.11 Threaded Fittings Weight Chart

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ISO 9001 certified manufacturer Zizi concentrates on supplying 316 stainless steel forged coupling with good quality for customers since it was founded. From original steel material to product inspection, we take every process with serious attitude.

Customer Visit Factory

In early July 2018, Australia customer came to visit our factory, we showed them the manufacturing process of threaded Coupling and supply capacity.

Ensure the quality of forged threaded couplings, we choose stainless steel rod that meet ASME standard.

What’s more, carries out regular inspection and replacement of production equipment.

For inspection, we will check stainless steel coupling according to ASME B16 11. It covers diameters, pressure, tolerance and testing.

SS 316 Threaded Coupling

• Inspection

After visit, they had knew we are a quality manufacturer and supplier. And very satisfied with this journey.

They decide to buy 1″ BSPT Threaded Half Coupling Stainless Steel 316 3000 LB and 3″ Full Coupling BSPP SS 316 3000 LB with good quantities. And sign the contract before going back home.

When the pipe coupling fittings are ready, we take go/no go gauges to test each thread. To make sure our customers receive qualified products.

• Package

We packed same size of Stainless Steel Coupling in carton and stick simple packing list. Then put all cartons into wooden case.

Good package can make couplings safety during the shipment. And customers can pick up their goods very easily according to paper marking.

Stainless Steel Coupling Dimensions

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ASME B16.11 Coupling is a common fitting in industrial pipeline connection. The coupling or socket is a nipple for connecting two pipes. Coupling is widely used in civil architecture, industry,agriculture and other fields since it is convenient. The main manufacturer standards also have GB/T14383,  and BS 3799.

There are two types of Coupling or socket, Socket Weld Coupling and Threaded Coupling. DN32 SW Coupling  A105 3000#, 3/4” SW Coupling A182 F22 CL3 and 3/4″ Half Coupling BSPP SS316,  2″ Forged Steel Coupling NPT Class 3000 A105.

DN25 SW Coupling 3000LB SS304

Socket Weld Coupling or Socket

The ASME B16.11 Coupling socket weld is forged by round bar or ingot mold and then machined.  Put the pipe into socket hole and weld, that is socket weld connection. Therefore, its name is socket weld coupling or socket weld socket. The size is from DN6 (1/8”) to DN100 (4”) with pressure 3000lb, 6000lb and 9000lb.

1 in Socket BSPP 3000lb SS316

Threaded Coupling or Socket

The ASME B16.11 Coupling threaded  is forging and has types of coupling NPT, socket BSPP, coupling BSPT. Both of their standard is ANSI/ASME B16.11、GB/T 14383.It has NPT and BSP( BSPP and BSPT). The size is from DN6 (1/8”) to DN100 (4”) with pressure 3000lb and 6000lb.

Both of them have two types, half and full coupling. For full couplings, there are equal and reducing coupling. And reducing couplings have Eccentric and Concentric.

The material is Carbon Steel, Alloy Steel and Stainless Steel. People also call them as Socket in some area or country. For example, Half Socket 1/2″ 3000lb BSPT A105, SS316 Socket 1″ BSPP 3000lb .or 1 1/2″ SS316L Coupling 3000lb NPT . The application of Socket is widely, including pipeline in different sizes, Pipe Tee, Cross Tee, etc and water meters and valves. Due to using socket structure, the pipeline joints reduce cost make installation, use, maintenance is extremely convenient, but also has a very high leak-proof ability.

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They are BSP Fittings and Threaded Pipe Fittings, which are Threaded Coupling, Threaded Elbow. The thread types are BSPP and BSPT. Material is A105 and SS316. Pressure is Class 3000. They are very nice and pretty. Especially the thread. When customer received these  pipe fittings,they were very happy to find that they received their ideal goods, and quickly gave us another order.

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